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Many other Scientologist-run organizations and organizations belong to the umbrella organization World Institute of Scientology Enterprises (WISE), which accredits using Hubbard's management teachings, and distributes directory sites of WISE-affiliated services. WISE requires those who want to become Hubbard management speaks with to finish training in Hubbard's administrative systems; this training can be undertaken at any Church of Scientology, or at one of the campuses of the Hubbard College of Administration, which provides a Partner of Applied Science Degree.
This section needs expansion. You can assist by including to it. In order to help with the continued growth of Scientology, the Church has actually made efforts to win allies in the type of powerful or respected people. Scientology Perth. Though it has obtained some credibility as a religion in numerous nations, Scientology has actually likewise been referred to as both a cult and a company.
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For instance, it has actually been kept in mind to engage in harassment and abuse of civil courts to silence its critics, by identifying as Fair Game individuals it views as its opponents. In 1979, numerous Scientology members were convicted for their involvement in the church's Operation Snow White, the biggest theft of government documents in U.S.
Scientologists were likewise founded guilty of fraud, murder and damaging witnesses in French cases, malicious libel against legal representative Casey Hill and espionage in Canada. In his book World Religions in America, religious scholar Jacob Neusner specifies that Scientology's "high level of visibility" may be viewed as "threatening to developed social institutions".
From 1952 up until 1966, Scientology was administered by an organization called the Hubbard Association of Scientologists (HAS), established in Arizona on September 10, 1952. In 1954, the HAS ended up being the HASI (HAS International). The Church of Scientology was integrated in California on February 18, 1954, changing its name to "The Church of Scientology of California" (CSC) in 1956.
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In 1967, the IRS removed all US-based Scientology entities of their tax exemption, stating Scientology's activities were business and operated for the my site benefit of Hubbard. Controversy followed the church on those years, however its development continued in the 1960s. New churches were formed in Paris (1959 ), Denmark (1968 ), Sweden (1969 ), and Germany (1970 ).
Centers of Scientology were in 52 countries by the time the 80s came in and grew to 74 by 1992. The church sued and lost repeatedly for 26 years attempting to restore its tax-exempt status. The case was eventually settled in 1993, at which time the church paid $12. 5 million to the IRSgreatly less than Internal Revenue Service had actually at first demandedand the IRS acknowledged the church as a tax-exempt nonprofit organization.
Scientology cites its tax exemption as evidence the United States federal government accepts it as a religious beliefs. In January 2009, removal of the tax exemption was ranked as number 9 in products for the inbound Barack Obama administration to investigate, as identified in a web survey run by the presidential transition group soliciting public input for the inbound administration.
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Ron Hubbard designated Mary Sue Hubbard to take control of certain aspects of legal security for the CoS in 1968 and the Workplace of The Guardian was produced with its head workplace situated at Saint Hill Manor - Scientology. Under The Guardian's Workplace (later relabelled the Workplace of Unique Affairs or OSA), Church members and contracted staff from Bureau One later organized and dedicated among the largest penetration of United States federal firms ever perpetrated by an organization not affiliated with a foreign federal site web government (that is, one such as the KGB).
In the trial which followed the discovery of these activities the prosecution described their actions as such: The crime dedicated by these defendants is of a breadth and scope previously unusual. No building, workplace, desk, or file was safe from their snooping and prying. No person or company was devoid of their despicable conspiratorial minds.
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The Church has also in the past used aggressive methods in resolving those it sees as attempting to reduce them, called Suppressive Individuals (SPs) first detailed by Hubbard as part of a policy called reasonable video game. Scientology Perth. It was under this policy that Paulette Cooper was targeted for having actually authored, a 1970 expos book about the Church and its founder.
Utilizing blank paper known to have been handled by Cooper, Scientologists created bomb hazards in her name. When finger prints on them matched hers, the Justice Department started prosecution, which could have sent out Cooper to jail for a lengthy term. The Church's strategy was discovered at the exact same time as its Operation Snow White actions were exposed.